{"id":1450,"date":"2023-09-04T12:00:49","date_gmt":"2023-09-04T10:00:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.carbon-waters.com\/le-graphene-est-il-toxique-pour-la-sante\/"},"modified":"2024-02-01T10:38:24","modified_gmt":"2024-02-01T09:38:24","slug":"is-graphene-toxic-to-human-health","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.carbon-waters.com\/en\/is-graphene-toxic-to-human-health\/","title":{"rendered":"Is graphene toxic to human health?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<p>Graphene was discovered relatively recently. While everyone agrees on its <strong>incredible properties<\/strong> and the <strong>possibilities<\/strong> it brings to <strong>industry<\/strong> in particular, more and more studies are also aiming to assess<strong> graphene&#8217;s toxicity on human health<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This issue is attracting growing interest, including from the general public, particularly since the health crisis of 2020-2021, when graphene-based surgical masks were introduced and then withdrawn from the market in view of their potential health risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this article, Carbon Waters presents the results of several studies into the <strong>safety of graphene<\/strong>, carried out by:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A multidisciplinary team from <strong>the Graphene Flagship<\/strong> (<em>the Health and Environment Work Package<\/em>) and independent partners<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The National University of Singapore<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>Royal Society of Chemistry<\/strong> and <strong>the Graphene Council<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The Strasbourg Laboratory &#8211; CNRS Immunology<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">There is not one but many graphenes\u200b<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>First of all, it&#8217;s important to mention that the term &#8220;graphene&#8221; is generally used to describe all&nbsp;<strong>2D nano-carbon materials<\/strong>. However, this is a family of materials whose components differ in&nbsp;<strong>thickness<\/strong>&nbsp;(number of layers),&nbsp;<strong>quality<\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong>stability<\/strong>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<strong>purity<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This family also includes more or less oxidized graphenes such as&nbsp;<strong>graphene oxides<\/strong>&nbsp;(GO) and&nbsp;<strong>reduced graphene oxides<\/strong>&nbsp;(rGO). These differences are a direct consequence of the&nbsp;<strong>production process<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What&#8217;s more, they are available in a&nbsp;<strong>variety of forms<\/strong>: in&nbsp;<strong>powder<\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong>pre-dispersed<\/strong>&nbsp;in liquid products, in&nbsp;<strong>paste<\/strong>&nbsp;form, as a&nbsp;<strong>masterbatch<\/strong>&nbsp;or as a&nbsp;<strong>film<\/strong>&nbsp;on a metal plate, and so on.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1456\" height=\"1104\" src=\"https:\/\/www.carbon-waters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/types-of-graphene-graphene-flagship.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1466\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.carbon-waters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/types-of-graphene-graphene-flagship.jpg 1456w, https:\/\/www.carbon-waters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/types-of-graphene-graphene-flagship-300x227.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.carbon-waters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/types-of-graphene-graphene-flagship-1024x776.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.carbon-waters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/types-of-graphene-graphene-flagship-768x582.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1456px) 100vw, 1456px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Source: the Graphene Flaghsip<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Most of the above-mentioned studies have been carried out on graphene oxide (GO), via&nbsp;<em>in vitro<\/em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>in vivo<\/em>&nbsp;modeling and testing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Studies on the cytotoxicity of graphene: <br>the main results\u200b<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Results differ from one graphene to another, <br>depending on its quality\u200b<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The existence of different forms of graphene has led to different results regarding its safety. Indeed, from one study to the next, scientists have based their research on&nbsp;<strong>one type of graphene or another<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Take, for example, the study by the&nbsp;<strong>University of Singapore<\/strong>&nbsp;(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41699-022-00330-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Cytotoxicity survey of commercial graphene materials from worldwide<\/em><\/a>, 2022) carried out on 36 types of graphene available on the market.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Antonio H. Castro Neto points out that&nbsp;<em>\u201cthe&nbsp;<strong>toxicity of graphene<\/strong>, besides its dose, is&nbsp;<strong>not due to graphene itself but to the impurities<\/strong>&nbsp;that are a sub-product of graphene\u2019s industrial processing\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>He adds:&nbsp;<em>\u201cOur study suggests that&nbsp;<strong>over 35% of the graphene products contain highly defective graphene<\/strong>; we observed the presence of organic and\/or inorganic impurities in almost all the samples. Our results prompt the conclusion that a product\u2019s cytotoxicity cannot be related to any characteristic of graphene alone, but it is determined by the contaminants present.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exposure level and concentration also play <br>a role in graphene toxicity\u200b<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Studies show that the&nbsp;<strong>exposure factor<\/strong>&nbsp;(form, duration, quantity) has a direct impact on graphene&#8217;s health risks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thegraphenecouncil.org\/blogpost\/1501180\/490084\/Is-Graphene-Safe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Royal Society of Chemistry (RCS) and the Graphene Council<\/a>,&nbsp;<strong>if graphene is integrated within a matrix, it presents no greater health and safety risk than any other material<\/strong>. According to the RCS, \u201c<em>once a nanomaterial (including graphene) has been incorporated into a product, it is&nbsp;<strong>virtually impossible to liberate the graphene particles from the host material<\/strong><\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"563\" src=\"https:\/\/www.carbon-waters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/electric-battery-vehicle-car-graphene-use-carbon-waters.jpg\" alt=\"Graphene is not toxic at all when incorporated into a matrix\" class=\"wp-image-1478\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.carbon-waters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/electric-battery-vehicle-car-graphene-use-carbon-waters.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.carbon-waters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/electric-battery-vehicle-car-graphene-use-carbon-waters-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.carbon-waters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/electric-battery-vehicle-car-graphene-use-carbon-waters-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>More and more materials are being enhanced with graphene, such as batteries, for its incredible properties.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Returning to surgical masks,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thegraphenecouncil.org\/blogpost\/1501180\/371489\/ZEN-Graphene-Solutions-Announce-Successful-Inhalation-Safety-Testing-of-ZENGuard-Enhanced-Surgical-Masks--Final-Submission-to-Health-Canada?hhSearchTerms=%22surgical+and+mask%22&amp;terms=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a test carried out by the Canadian laboratory NanoSafe<\/a>&nbsp;on ZenGuard brand equipment demonstrated that&nbsp;<strong>graphene remained within the masks during inhalation<\/strong>. These results corroborate the claims made by the Graphene Council and the RCS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These assertions are also in line with&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/graphene-flagship.eu\/graphene\/news\/understanding-the-health-and-safety-of-graphene\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Graphene Flagship study<\/a>, whose teams modeled the effects of&nbsp;<strong>exposure to graphene-laden composites on the lungs<\/strong>. They found that continuous exposure to graphene over long periods did&nbsp;<strong>not induce a significant immune response<\/strong>. This implies that the graphene present in these composites would have&nbsp;<strong>no negative impact on health<\/strong>, even in the event of long-term exposure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to their research (<a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acsnano.8b04758\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Safety Assessment of Graphene-Based Materials: Focus on Human Health and the Environment<\/a>, 2018),&nbsp;<b>inhalation&nbsp;<\/b>and&nbsp;<strong>epidermal absorption<\/strong>&nbsp;appear to be the most likely means of unintentional exposure, particularly in the&nbsp;<strong>working environment<\/strong>&nbsp;when handling graphene-based products. In the form of&nbsp;<strong>volatile powders&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong>(<strong>nanopowders<\/strong>), graphene presents a&nbsp;<strong>higher inhalation risk<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Studies have also been carried out on the effect of&nbsp;graphene alone, i.e. not incorporated into a matrix. An independent laboratory at the&nbsp;University of Strasbourg&nbsp;(<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/anie.201806906\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Degradation of Single-Layer and Few-Layer Graphene by Neutrophil Myeloperoxidase<\/em><\/a>, 2018) demonstrated via in vitro tests that, in the event of free graphene particles being inhaled or absorbed, certain&nbsp;human cells&nbsp;(lymphocytes, present in the immune system) naturally&nbsp;destroyed the graphene. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The graphene used in this study is a non-oxidized graphene with a low number of layers (FLG).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.carbon-waters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/graphene-pre-dispersed-performance-additive-carbon-waters.jpg\" alt=\"Graphene optimizes material properties\" class=\"wp-image-1477\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.carbon-waters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/graphene-pre-dispersed-performance-additive-carbon-waters.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.carbon-waters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/graphene-pre-dispersed-performance-additive-carbon-waters-200x300.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Graphene products and the end of the life cycle: <br>is there a health risk?\u200b<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition to the risks associated with handling or using a graphene-containing product, we also need to consider the&nbsp;<strong>risks associated with its end-of-life<\/strong>. The main studies on the subject have modeled the end-of-life cycle of a graphene-doped material following&nbsp;<strong>abrasion<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to the multidisciplinary&nbsp;<strong>Graphene Flagship<\/strong>&nbsp;team and its partners (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0304389422008421?via%3Dihub\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Hazard assessment of abraded thermoplastic composites reinforced with reduced graphene oxide<\/em><\/a><em>,&nbsp;<\/em>2022) including the Swiss laboratory&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.empa.ch\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EMPA<\/a>, \u201c<em>graphene-based particles released from polymer composites after abrasion induce negligible health effects. The present findings show a negligible impact of rGO-reinforced PA6 composites on all the models tested, suggesting a likely low risk to human health at acute exposure conditions<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Carbon Waters is also conducting an<strong>&nbsp;analysis of abrasion and fire degradation<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>residues<\/strong>&nbsp;of an&nbsp;<strong>epoxy polymer enriched with Graph&#8217;Up<\/strong>, its range of performance additives, as part of the European&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.carbon-waters.com\/carbon-waters-joins-the-european-macrame-program\/\">Macram\u00e9<\/a>&nbsp;project. Conducted with the EMPA laboratory and other project partners, this study will assess the&nbsp;<strong>cytotoxicity and ecotoxicity<\/strong>&nbsp;of Carbon Waters&#8217; graphene-based performance additives. Results will be announced in the coming months.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What can we learn from studies on the safety of graphene?\u200b<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>While graphene has demonstrated its incredible&nbsp;<strong>properties<\/strong>&nbsp;over the years, it is essential to look at the<strong>&nbsp;health risks<\/strong>&nbsp;it may pose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The various studies carried out on the subject all agree that the&nbsp;<strong>type of graphene<\/strong>, its&nbsp;<strong>quality<\/strong>, the degree of&nbsp;<strong>concentration<\/strong>&nbsp;and the level of&nbsp;<strong>exposure<\/strong>&nbsp;have different impacts. However, they show that graphene presents&nbsp;<strong>only a low risk under normal conditions<\/strong>&nbsp;of handling and exposure. This&nbsp;<strong>risk is lower<\/strong>&nbsp;if graphene is&nbsp;<strong>integrated<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>within another material<\/strong>&nbsp;or object, unlike graphene in&nbsp;<strong>powder form<\/strong>, which, due to its high&nbsp;<strong>volatility<\/strong>, increases the likelihood of&nbsp;<strong>inhalation<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At a time when many substances are under&nbsp;<strong>regulatory<\/strong>&nbsp;scrutiny as being&nbsp;<strong>toxic<\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong>graphene-based additives<\/strong>&nbsp;are excellent candidates for sustainable substitution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Carbon Waters<\/strong>, a company specializing in the\u00a0<strong>production of FLG (Few-Layer Graphene)<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>performance additives<\/strong>, offers <a href=\"https:\/\/www.carbon-waters.com\/en\/products\/\">pre-dispersed solutions<\/a>, with\u00a0<strong>no risk of inhalation<\/strong>\u00a0during handling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.carbon-waters.com\/en\/applications\/\" class=\"button\">More on our applications<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Graphene was discovered relatively recently. While everyone agrees on its incredible properties and the possibilities it brings to industry in particular, more and more studies are also aiming to assess graphene&#8217;s toxicity on human health. This issue is attracting growing interest, including from the general public, particularly since the health crisis of 2020-2021, when graphene-based [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1464,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1450","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-graphene-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Does graphene have an impact on human health?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"More and more studies are being carried out about the potential risks of graphene on human health (cytotoxicity). 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